魅力城市～銀川

十一月 06, 2008, 10:07

西夏王陵

1972年，銀川西邊正在修建一座小型機場，施工單位意外的挖出了一些破碎陶片，奇怪的是在這些破碎陶片之中，還夾雜了一些上面刻有從未見過的奇怪塊型文字的方磚破片。

於是施工單位緊急通知寧夏博物館前來調查，果不其然，在考古專家的細心挖堀之下，一個古老的墓室終於重見天日。墓室中發現了一些武士像等工筆壁畫，以及精巧的工藝品、方磚等陶製品，方磚之上佈滿了方形文字及花紋……。經過考古人員辨識，認為這是古代西夏時期的陵墓。出土的方形文字正是今天被視為天書的西夏文！千年之前，西夏文明在悠悠歷史長河之中突然消失；所以這項意外的挖掘卻是個重大的發現。

考古人員隨即在這片位於銀川西邊大約30公里的沙漠上擴大搜索，果然沒有讓他們失望，一望無際的沙漠中發現了一個又一個金字塔形的高大黃土建築。每個較大的黃土建築周圍都環繞著方形的城牆等建築。不久之後，他們終於肯定這些雄偉的建築正是西夏皇家陵墓。沉睡了千年之久的西夏王國，終於再次甦醒！最後在方圓53平方公里的陵區內，發現了九座帝陵，253 座陪葬墓，是中國現存規模最大、地面遺址最完整的帝王陵園之一。

「西夏」是十一世紀初期黨項族建立的王國，西夏語稱為「大白高國」；歷時190年，鼎盛時期疆域包括今天的寧夏、甘肅大部份，內蒙古西部、陝西北部、青海東部、新疆東部及外蒙古南部的廣大地區。前期曾經與北宋、遼平分秋色，中後期與南宋、金鼎足而立。

13世紀，成吉思汗開始對外擴張，前後六次攻打西夏。1227年，成吉思汗包圍興慶府（銀川）長達半年，西夏拼死抵抗，威震四方的成吉思汗陷入苦戰；最後蒙古軍付出慘重的代價，才迫使西夏投降，當西夏同意投降時，成吉思汗已經逝世，卻密不發喪以防西夏反悔，西夏獻城投降之後，蒙古軍按成吉思汗遺命，屠城、滅族，鐵騎所經之處，一片焦土、白骨敝野，包括西夏王陵也都被蒙古軍破壞殆盡。西夏王朝滅亡，黨項族也從此徹底消失。西夏王朝成了歷史上的謎團。

自從1972年發現西夏王陵以來，經過30多年的研究，神秘的西夏王國輪廓重新浮現。

西夏王陵每座一座帝陵的陵園都是一個完整的建築群，占地面積在10萬平方公尺以上。高大的闕台聳立在陵園最南端。碑亭位於其後，這裏曾立著著用西夏文、漢文刻製、歌頌帝王功績的石碑。碑亭後面是月城，月城之北是陵城，月城與陵城之間曾經安置有文官、武將的石刻雕像。陵台位於陵城西北，是一座八角形磚木瓦結構的塔式建築，分為五級、七級、九級不等，內部為實心夯土，外部用磚包砌並附有出簷。

陵台是陵園中的主體建築，中國傳統陵園中陵台一般是位墓室之上的土塚。但是西夏王陵的陵台建在墓室北邊大約10公尺處，而且偏離中軸線，這是黨項族的創造，在中國建築上史無前例。

塔式陵台前建有獻殿，用於供奉獻物及祭奠。陵台至獻殿有一條魚脊樑封土，封土下為墓道。帝陵墓室在墓道北端，為三室土洞式結構，墓室四壁立有護牆板。陵城神牆四面居中有門闕，神牆四角有角台，表明了陵園的範圍，基本是在宋陵的格局上有所創新。

西夏王陵三號陵面積達到15萬平方公尺，是西夏九座帝王陵園中占地最大的一座，雖然也曾遭到破壞，卻仍然是保存最好的一座，考古專家認為這座陵墓是西夏開國皇帝李元昊的「泰陵」。考古學者從這座陵墓中發現了一些珍貴的西夏文物。包括西夏文字，反映西夏人遊牧生活和市井生活的繪畫，各式各樣的雕塑作品，「開元通寶」、「淳化通寶」、「至道通寶」、「天禧通寶」、「大觀通寶」等各個時期的流通錢幣，工藝精巧的各類銅器、陶棋子等文物。並且出土了大量造型獨特的石雕和泥塑，為研究西夏文明提供了很有價值的實物。

三號陵，目前已經開闢為旅遊景點，並且設立了西夏博物館陳列發掘出來的珍貴文物，此外還有西夏史話藝術館，西夏碑林，展示西夏的歷史。西夏王陵成為人們瞭解西夏歷史、探尋西夏文化的一處重要文物旅遊景區。

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交通：西夏王陵專線車在金鳳凰戲院門口發車。包車前往大約要50元。
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十一月 06, 2008, 10:07

西夏王陵

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