魅力城市～大同

十二月 22, 2008, 11:08

大同事件簿

西元前296年，戰國時期趙武靈王「北破林胡、樓煩。築長城，自代並陰山下，至高闕為塞。而置雲中、雁門、代郡」；派遣趙國名將李牧「常居代、雁門，備匈奴」。當時大同已經是趙國的邊陲重鎮，屬於雁門郡管轄。
西漢時，設置平城縣，設「東部都尉」，治所在今天大同城東邊2.5公里。漢朝李廣、衛青、霍去病……等名將都曾經在平城一帶與匈奴作戰。
東漢時，平城縣仍屬雁門郡管轄。東漢靈帝末年，匈奴大舉入侵，平城毀於戰火。
西元215年（建安二十年）曹操討伐烏桓，平定代地，聚集北邊郡縣流離失所的百姓，在今代縣東25公里置平城縣，屬冀州新興郡。
西元220年（曹魏黃初元年）再置並州，平城屬並州雁門郡管轄。
西元398年，鮮卑族拓跋氏從「盛樂」遷都「平城」，改元「天興」。北魏在平城建都後，「營宮室、建宗廟，立社稷」進行大規模建設，宮殿苑園，樓臺觀堂等重要工程不下百處。北魏在大同建都長達96年，平城一直是北方政治、軍事、經濟、文化的中心。
西元460年，佛教高僧曇曜奉旨開鑿「雲崗石窟」。
西元494年（北魏太和十八年），北魏孝文帝遷都洛陽之後，設置恒州，平城歸恒州管轄。
西元556年（北齊天保七年），改北恒州為恒安鎮（今大同），又名東州城，隸屬恒州太平縣。
西元577年，北周滅北齊後，恒安鎮隸屬朔州雲中縣管轄。
西元605年（隋煬帝大業元年），改朔州為馬邑郡；因避諱改雲中縣為雲內縣。恒安鎮隸屬馬邑郡雲內縣。
西元630年（唐貞觀四年）唐朝名將李靖率十萬大軍，在大同西北進攻突厥，消滅突厥兵二十余萬。
西元640年（唐貞觀十四年），設定襄縣兼為雲州治所。
西元663年（唐龍朔三年）設立雲中都護府。
西元682年（唐永淳元年），定襄縣為東突厥所破，州縣俱廢。代州都督薛仁貴率兵擊潰突厥元珍。
西元730年（唐開元十八年）重新設縣，稱為雲中縣並重設雲州。
西元742年（唐天寶元年）改雲州為雲中郡。
西元755年（唐天寶十四年）年安祿山屬下、大同軍使高秀岩，佔據拒雲州叛唐，被朔方節度使郭子儀擊敗。
西元869年（唐咸通十年）設置大同軍節度使。
西元876年（唐乾符三年）振武節度使李國昌之子、雲中守捉使李克用刺殺主將雲州防禦使段文楚。西元880年（唐廣明元年）唐朝命李琢率軍攻打李國昌父子，李國昌父子兵敗北逃。
西元882年，黃巢軍攻入京師，唐僖宗詔代北軍勤王，特赦李國昌、李克用；克用率一萬餘沙陀、韃靼騎兵南下，會合李全忠軍收復長安。以功授河東節度使。唐末封建割據，陷入長期戰爭中，李克用之子李存勖滅「後梁」朱溫，是為「後唐莊宗」。
西元936年（後唐清泰三年）叛將河東節度使石敬瑭，借契丹兵滅後唐，國號晉。將燕雲十六州割讓給契丹，並拜契丹主耶律德光為父，自稱兒皇帝。此後大同先後被契丹、女真、蒙古統治者統治長達433年。
西元937年（後晉天福二年），遼王朝進佔雲州，設大同軍節度使。
西元1044年（遼重熙十三年），改雲州為西京，設西京道大同府。
西元1048年（重熙十七年），設置大同縣，為遼之陪都，屬西京道管轄。
西元1062年（清寧八年），興建規模巨大、華麗恢弘的華嚴寺。
西元1122年（遼保大二年）金宗翰攻佔大同府，仍以大同為西京，改西京道為西京路。
西元1127年（宋靖康元年），南宋欽、徽二帝被金兵俘虜押往西京，後又轉至中京。其間南宋使節朱弁、洪皓……等多人被留置於西京。
西元1150年（遼天德二年）置西京路總管府。
西元1165年（金大定五年），在西京大興土木，營建宮殿寺廟，西京再度興盛於北方。
西元1212年（元太祖七年），置警巡院。
西元1277年（至元十四年），義大利旅行家馬可波羅奉元世祖忽必烈之命出使南洋，途經大同。他在《馬可•波羅遊記》中稱讚大同是「宏偉而美麗的城市」。
西元1288年（至元二十五年），改西京道大同府為大同路，隸屬中書省河東山西道宣慰使司管轄。
西元1369年（明洪武二年），左副將軍常遇春攻取大同。
西元1372年（洪武五年），以北魏都城、唐遼金元舊土城為基礎，擴大建造大同城；東西長1.8公里，南北長1.82公里，周長7.24公里，面積3.28平方公里。城牆以石條、石方為基礎，上用「三合土」夯成，外包青磚。
西元1374年（洪武七年），改大同路為大同府。
西元1392年（洪武二十五年）山西行都指揮使司遷至大同。管轄範圍東至北京的居庸關；西起黃河的偏關，東西延綿千餘公里，防禦範圍之大為明朝九邊之首。並派十三子朱桂就藩大同，封為代王。
西元1513年（正德八年）設總制，轄區分為陽和道、分巡冀北道、大同左衛道、分守冀北道，駐軍多達13萬人、戰馬5萬多匹，有「大同士馬甲天下」之稱。
西元1644年（崇禎十七年），李自成自西安北上，大同總兵姜襄不戰而降。李自成在大同休整6天之後向東直入北京，推翻明王朝。
西元1645年（順治二年），清王朝派吳惟華攻取大同。
西元1648年（順治五年），大同總兵姜襄降而復叛。次年，多爾袞親自督戰，圍城9個多月，城破後清軍野蠻屠城，並將大同城牆拆去5尺，大同變成一座廢城。直到順治九年府縣才遷回故址。
西元1656年（順治十三年），裁撤宣大總督，改置山西總督，駐大同。對大同城進行全面修治。
西元1911年11月30日，大同軍民響應辛亥革命，攻下總兵府，成立軍政府，後清軍圍城，太原革命軍派續桐溪率民團北上增援，與清軍對峙。12月11日達成協定，革命軍南撤。

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